Journal Article Adam Barnett Journal Article Adam Barnett

Treatment of missing data determines conclusions regarding moralizing gods

Beheim, Bret, Quentin Atkinson, Joseph Bulbulia, Will Gervais, Russell Gray, Joseph Henrich, Martin Lang, M. Willis Monroe, Michael Muthukrishna, Ara Norenzayan, Benjamin Purzycki, Azim Shariff, Edward Slingerland, Rachel Spicer, Aiyana Willard. 2021. “Treatment of missing data determines conclusions regarding moralizing gods,” (PDF) Nature 595: E29-34. *

This Matters Arising critiques a 2019 Nature article by Whitehouse, et al. (since retracted) that used the Seshat archaeo-historical databank to argue that beliefs in moralizing gods appear in world history only after the formation of complex “megasocieties” of around one million people. Inspection of the authors’ data shows that 61% of Seshat data points on moralizing gods are missing values, mostly from smaller populations below one million people, and during the analysis the authors re-coded these data points to signify the absence of moralizing gods beliefs. When we confine the analysis only to the extant data or use various standard imputation methods, the reported finding is reversed: moralizing gods precede increases in social complexity.

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Journal Article Adam Barnett Journal Article Adam Barnett

Historians Respond to Whitehouse et al. (2019), “Complex Societies Precede Moralizing Gods Throughout World History”

Slingerland, Edward, M. Willis Monroe, Brenton Sullivan, Robyn Faith Walsh, Daniel Veidlinger, William Noseworthy, Conn Herriott, Ben Raffield, Janine Larmon Peterson, Gretel Rodríguez, Karen Sonik, William Green, Frederick S. Tappenden, Amir Ashtari, Rachel Spicer, Michael Muthukrishna, “Historians Respond to Whitehouse et al. 2019, ‘Complex societies precede moralizing gods throughout world history,’” (PDF) Journal of Cognitive Historiography 5: 1-2 (2020). *

A critique of the Seshat Databank coding methodology used in Whitehouse et al. 2019

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Journal Article Adam Barnett Journal Article Adam Barnett

Who's Afraid of Reductionism? The Study of Religion in the Age of Cognitive Science

“Who’s Afraid of Reductionism? The Study of Religion in the Age of Cognitive Science,” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 76.2 (June 2008): 375-411. *

Accompanied by “Reply to Cho & Squier” (418-419) and “Response to Cho & Squier” (449-454).

As of December 2012, this article was listed by JAAR as its #1 most cited article.

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